Distintos escenarios de aneurismas poplíteos rotos / Different scenarios of ruptured popliteal aneurysms

Introducción: el aneurisma poplíteo (AP) es una enfermedad rara, con la mayoría de pacientes asintomáticos. La ruptura es una complicación excepcional. Habitualmente estos son casos de pacientes añosos y con múltiples comorbilidades. Casos clínicos: presentamos tres casos de aneurismas poplíteos rotos, todos ellos con distintas presentaciones clínicas como tratamientos. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar distintos abordajes y presentaciones para una complicación infrecuente de una patología infrecuente. Discusión: el APR es una rara complicación y no es común ver que se reporte más de un caso. La versatilidad en el manejo de los distintos abordajes es crucial. La alta mortalidad refleja la morbilidad típica en estos pacientes.(AU)

Introduction: popliteal aneurysm (PA) is a rare disease, mostly asymptomatic, being rupture an exceptional complication. This usually occurs in elder and severely comorbid patients. Case reports: we present three different cases of ruptured popliteal aneurysms, all of them with different clinical presentations as well as different treatments. Our objective is to show different approaches and presentations for a rare complication of a rare disease. Discussion: RPA is a rare complication, and it is uncommon to see more than one case reported. Versatility in handling different approaches is paramount. The high mortality reflects the typical morbidity in these patients.(AU)

Enfermedad quística adventicial de la arteria poplítea, una causa rara de claudicación intermitente / Popliteal artery cystic adventitial disease, a rare cause of intermittent claudication

Introducción: la enfermedad quística adventicial es una patología inusual que afecta predominantemente la arteria poplítea. No hay un consenso respecto al diagnóstico y al tratamiento. Caso clínico: mujer de 67 años que presentó claudicación intermitente en el sóleo gemelar derecho con progresión a dolor de reposo, manteniendo pulsos distales. En la ecografía Doppler se observó un quiste adventicial en la arteria poplítea que ocasionaba una estenosis crítica, confirmada mediante angio TC. Se realizó adventicectomía con preservación de la pared arterial. La sintomatología cesó completamente, sin recidiva del quiste en el seguimiento. Discusión: la claudicación intermitente de inicio repentino con recuperación tardía en pacientes con riesgo ateroesclerótico bajo sugiere enfermedad quística adventicial. La ecografía Doppler es útil en el diagnóstico y en el seguimiento. El tratamiento quirúrgico puede eliminar la causa de la enfermedad y reducir la recidiva.(AU)

Manejo conservador del síndrome de atrapamiento poplíteo / Conservative management of popliteal entrapment syndrome

Introducción: el síndrome de atrapamiento de la arteria poplítea es infrecuente. La mayoría de las veces ocurredebido a la compresión de la arteria poplítea por el músculo gastrocnemio o poplíteo. puede presentarse de formaasintomática o sintomática (claudicación o afectación de la viabilidad de la extremidad). el diagnóstico es clínico,mediante maniobras que producen la contracción del músculo gastrocnemio y pruebas de imagen. el tratamientoes principalmente quirúrgico. Caso clínico: se presenta el caso de un hombre de 62 años, sin factores de riesgo, que realiza actividad física,a quien se le registró disminución de los pulsos distales del miembro inferior derecho. La angiotomografía y laangiorresonancia evidenciaron el atrapamiento de la arteria poplítea derecha con oclusión y recanalización devasos infrapoplíteos a través de una rama genicular que se originaba proximal a la lesión y actuaba como puentenatural, sin repercusión clínica alguna. probablemente sus mecanismos adaptativos han asegurado una adecuadaperfusión distal mediante derivación por arterias colaterales. Discusión: en el atrapamiento poplíteo de causa anatómica debe asegurarse el adecuado fl ujo sanguíneo distal.este puede darse de manera natural por la circulación colateral o por la creación de puentes mediante una cirugía.(AU)

Introduction: popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is infrequent, which occurs in most cases due to compres-sion of the gastrocnemius or popliteal muscle on the artery. It can present asymptomatic, with claudication, orcompromise of the viability of the limb. the diagnosis is based on imaging studies at rest and with maneuvers thatcause the contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle. Surgical treatment is the most used. Case report: the case of a 62-year-old man is presented, without significant risk factors, physically active, withdecrease in the distal pulses of the lower right limb. angio-tomography and angio-MrI show an entrapment ofthe right popliteal artery, with its occlusion and with recanalization of infrapopliteal vessels through a genicularthat originated proximal to the lesion and acted as a natural bridge, without any clinical repercussion. the adaptivemechanisms of the patient were considered to have ensured adequate distal perfusion through a bypass throughcollateral arteries. Discussion: in anatomically caused popliteal entrapment, adequate distal blood flow must be ensured. this canoccur naturally through collateral circulation or by creating bridges through surgery.(AU)

Risk of Neurovascular Injury during Screw Fixation of Tibial Tubercle Fractures in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients / Risco de lesão neurovascular durante a fixação com parafuso de fraturas da tuberosidade da tíbia em pacientes pediátricos e adolescentes

Abstract Objective To review knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for the analysis of the location of neurovascular structures (NVSs), and to define the risk of bicortical fixation. Methods Distances between the posterior cortex and the popliteal NVSs were measured on the MRI scans of 45 adolescents (50 knees) at 3 levels (C1: center of the proximal tibial epiphysis; C2: 10 mm distal to the physis; and C3: 20 mm distal to the physis). The NVSs located between 5 mm and 10 mm from the incision were considered in a zone of moderate risk for damage, while those less than 5 mm from the incision were considered in a zone of high risk for damage, and those more than 10 mm from the incision were considered to be in a zone of low risk for damage. The independent Student t-test was used for the comparison of the NVS distance 0with gender, skeletal maturity, and the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance. Values of p < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. Results The path of the C1 screw posed an increased risk of damage to the popliteal artery and vein compared with other screw paths (p < 0.001). The popliteal artery has a high risk of damage at the level of C1 (4.2 ± 2.2mm), and a moderate risk at C2 (9.6 ± 2.4mm), and the popliteal vein has a moderate risk at C1 (6.0 ± 2.7 mm), and a low risk at C2 and C3 (10.8 ± 3.1mm, and 12.05 ± 3.1mm respectively). The C3 position presented the lowest risk of damage to these structures (p < 0.001). The distance between the posterior tibial cortex and the posterior tibial nerve was < 15 mm at the 3 levels analyzed (C1: 11.0 ± 3.7 mm; C2:13.1 ± 3.8 mm; and C3:13 ± 3.9 mm). Conclusions The present study clarifies that the popliteal vessels are at risk of injury during tibial tubercle screw fixation, particularly when drilling the proximal tibial epiphysis. Monocortical drilling and screw fixation are recommended for the surgical treatment of tibial tubercle fractures. Level of Evidence III Diagnostic study.

Resumo Objetivo Revisar estudos de ressonância magnética (RM) do joelho para análise da localização das estruturas neurovasculares (ENVs) e definição do risco de fixação bicortical. Métodos As distâncias entre o córtex posterior e as ENVs poplíteas foram medidas nas RMs de 45 adolescentes (50 joelhos) em 3 níveis (C1: centro da epífise proximal da tíbia; C2:10 mm distalmente à fise e C3: 20 mm distalmente à fise). Considerou-se que as ENVs entre 5mme10mmda incisão estavam na zona de risco moderado de lesão, as ENVs a menos de 5 mm da incisão, na zona de alto risco de lesão, e as ENVs a mais de 10 mm da incisão, na zona de baixo risco de lesão. O teste t de Student independente foi usado para comparar a distância até as ENVs com o gênero, a maturidade esquelética e a distância entre a tuberosidade tibial e a garganta (fundo) da tróclea (TT-GT). Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados A trajetória do parafuso em C1 apresentou maior risco de lesão à artéria e à veia poplítea em comparação com outras trajetórias (p < 0,001). A artéria poplítea apresenta risco de lesão alto em C1 (4,2 ± 2,2 mm) e moderado em C2 (9,6 ± 2,4 mm), e a veia poplítea tem risco moderado em C1 (6,0±2,7 mm) e baixo em C2 e C3 (10,8±3,1 mm e 12,05±3,1mm, respectivamente). A posição C3 apresentou o menor risco de lesão dessas estruturas (p < 0,001). A distância entre o córtex tibial posterior e o nervo tibial posterior foi inferior a 15 mm nos 3 níveis analisados (C1: 11,0±3,7mm; C2: 13,1±3,8 mm; e C3: 13±3,9mm). Conclusões Este estudo esclarece que os vasos poplíteos correm risco de lesão durante a fixação do parafuso na tuberosidade tibial, principalmente durante a perfuração da epífise proximal da tíbia. A perfuração monocortical e a fixação com parafusos são recomendadas para o tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas da tuberosidade tibial. Nível de Evidência III Estudo diagnóstico.

Cirugía de control de daños en trauma vascular abierto de arteria poplítea por heridapor proyectil de arma de fuego en un hospital de segundo nivel / Damage control surgery in open vascular trauma of the popliteal artery due to gunshot wound in second-level hospital

La literatura médica reconoce la importancia de un diagnóstico precoz ante una trauma vascular y la asesoría de conocimientos básicos para una cirugía de control de daño vascular. En México una de las etiologías más comunes para una lesión vascular son las heridas por proyectil de arma de fuego. Se sabe que son una urgencia y en su mayoría los pacientes se trasladan al hospital más cercano, que no siempre es el de mejor nivel para su atención. La magnitud del daño siempre dependerá del tipo, del sitio y del tiempo transcurrido desde la lesión, cuyo objetivo principal es un abordaje y un tratamiento precoces, que preferentemente deben realizarse dentro de las tres primeras horas para evitar las complicaciones secundarias. El presente caso trata de un paciente con antecedente de herida de la arteria poplítea por proyectil de arma de fuego, al que se trató de urgencias con una cirugía de control de daños mediante una exploración vascular y la colocación de un shunt temporal con su posterior tratamiento definitivo.(AU)

The medical literature recognizes the importance of an early diagnosis of vascular trauma and advice on basic knowledge of damage control vascular surgery. In Mexico, one of the most common etiologies for vascular injury is gunshot wounds. It is an emergency and most patients are referred to the nearest hospital, which is not always the best level for their care.The magnitude of the damage will always depend on the type, site and elapsed time of the injury, with the main objective of an early approach and treatment, which should preferably be established within the range of the first 3 hours, in order to avoid secondary complications. This case report deals with a patient with a history of gunshot wound to the popliteal artery, who was given an emergency approach with damage control surgery through vascular exploration and placement of a temporary shunt with his subsequent definitive treatment.(AU)

Aneurisma poplíteo izquierdo / Left popliteal aneurysm

El aneurisma de la arteria poplítea es el principal aneurisma periférico y el segundo en frecuencia después del aneurisma de la aorta abdominal. Su incidencia se desconoce. Posee un patrón característico de presentación que corresponde a personas del sexo masculinos, mayores de 65 años, con múltiples comorbilidades, donde la hipertensión arterial representa la más frecuente. La definición de aneurisma corresponde a una dilatación del 50 por ciento del diámetro del vaso, en el caso de la arteria poplítea, mayor de 1,5 cm. El 50 por ciento de los aneurismas poplíteos resulta asintomático, el resto presenta síntomas isquémicos (trombosis, embolismos periféricos), compresivos y la ruptura. El tratamiento es quirúrgico: convencional (vías medial-posterior) y endovascular. El objetivo del artículo fue presentar este caso por la infrecuencia del aneurisma de la arteria poplítea unilateral. Se trata de un paciente masculino de 62 años, con aumento de volumen localizado a nivel de la fosa poplítea izquierda con latido y expansión a la palpación, diámetro transversal aproximado de 3 cm y longitudinal de 4 cm, presencia de soplo sistólico a la auscultación con diagnóstico ecográfico y arteriográfico de aneurisma de la arteria poplítea izquierda. La evolución del paciente fue satisfactoria y se mantiene bajo seguimiento médico para evaluar la permeabilidad del injerto sintético(AU)

Popliteal artery aneurysm is the main peripheral aneurysm and the second in frequency after abdominal aortic aneurysm. Its incidence is unknown. It has a characteristic presentation pattern that corresponds to male people, over 65 years of age, with multiple comorbidities, where arterial hypertension represents the most frequent. The definition of aneurysm corresponds to a dilation of 50 percent of the diameter of the vessel, in the case of the popliteal artery, greater than 1.5 cm. 50 percent of popliteal aneurysms are asymptomatic, the rest have ischemic symptoms (thrombosis, peripheral embolisms), compression and rupture. Treatment is surgical: conventional (medial-posterior pathways) and endovascular. The objective of the article was to present this case due to the infrequency of the unilateral popliteal artery aneurysm. This is a 62-year-old male patient, with localized volume increase at the level of the left popliteal fossa with heartbeat and expansion on palpation, approximate transverse diameter of 3 cm and longitudinal diameter of 4 cm, presence of systolic murmur at auscultation with ultrasound and arteriographic diagnosis of aneurysm of the left popliteal artery. The patient's evolution was satisfactory and he remains under medical follow-up to evaluate the permeability of the synthetic graft(AU)

Vascular compression syndromes: the value of Doppler ultrasonography.

Vascular compression syndromes arise when a vessel in a tight anatomic space is entrapped by another structure, resulting in diverse symptoms for which different imaging tests are used to diagnose. Radiologists need to be familiar with vascular compression syndromes and to be able to identify their most representative findings. This paper aims to review the principal symptoms of vascular compression, describing and illustrating the key findings on Doppler ultrasonography that enable accurate diagnosis and guide further workup, avoiding unnecessary invasive tests and pointing to the appropriate treatment.

Síndromes de compresión vascular. Valor de la ecografía Doppler / Vascular compression syndromes: the value of Doppler ultrasonography

Los síndromes de compresión vascular consisten en el atrapamiento de un vaso por otra estructura en un espacio anatómico reducido, lo que provoca sintomatología diversa y para cuyo diagnóstico se emplean diferentes pruebas de imagen. Es importante familiarizarse con este tipo de patología y ser capaces de identificar sus hallazgos más representativos. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los principales síndromes de compresión vascular, aportando datos clave de hallazgos en la ecografía Doppler que permitan establecer un diagnóstico acertado, evitar otras pruebas más agresivas o seleccionar aquellos pacientes que las requieran y orientar el tratamiento adecuado.(AU)

Vascular compression syndromes arise when a vessel in a tight anatomic space is entrapped by another structure, resulting in diverse symptoms for which different imaging tests are used to diagnose. Radiologists need to be familiar with vascular compression syndromes and to be able to identify their most representative findings. This paper aims to review the principal symptoms of vascular compression, describing and illustrating the key findings on Doppler ultrasonography that enable accurate diagnosis and guide further workup, avoiding unnecessary invasive tests and pointing to the appropriate treatment.(AU)

Prognostic factors in treatment of traumatic femoropopliteal arterial injuries at a Brazilian trauma center / Fatores prognósticos no tratamento de lesão traumática arterial femoropoplítea em um centro de trauma brasileiro

Abstract Background Despite significant improvements in outcomes, traumatic arterial limb injuries remain a significant cause of limb loss and mortality. Objectives This study sought to identify predictors of mortality and major amputation in patients undergoing revascularization after femoropopliteal arterial trauma. Methods This was a retrospective review of a trauma registry from an urban trauma center in Brazil. All patients admitted to our hospital with a femoropopliteal arterial injury from November 2012 to December 2017 who underwent vascular reconstruction were included. Univariate analyses and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors independently associated with the primary outcome of amputation and the secondary outcome of mortality. Results Ninety-six patients were included. Eleven patients (11.5%) had an amputation and 14 (14.6%) died. In the logistic regression model for amputation, patients with ischemia duration greater than 6 hours were approximately 10 times more likely to undergo an amputation compared to those with ischemia duration less than or equal to 6 hours (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 9.6 [1.2-79.9]). The logistic regression model for mortality revealed that patients with ischemia duration greater than 6 hours were approximately 6 times more likely to die compared to those with ischemia duration less than or equal to 6 hours (AOR [95% CI]: 5.6 [1.3 to 24.7). Conclusions Ischemia duration remains the most important factor independently associated with limb loss and mortality for patients undergoing femoropopliteal arterial revascularization after traumatic injuries. Physiological status on admission and trauma scores are also important.

Resumo Contexto As lesões arteriais traumáticas de membros ainda permanecem uma causa significativa de perda de membros e mortalidade, apesar de melhorias significativas observadas nos resultados após a ocorrências dessas lesões. Objetivos Este estudo buscou identificar preditores de mortalidade e amputações em pacientes submetidos à revascularização após trauma arterial femoropoplíteo. Métodos Esta é uma revisão de um Registro de Trauma Vascular. Todos os pacientes com lesão arterial femoropoplítea internados em nosso hospital de novembro de 2012 a dezembro de 2017 e submetidos a reconstrução vascular foram incluídos. Análises univariadas, seguidas de análises de regressão logística, foram realizadas para identificar fatores independentemente associados com os resultados primários de amputação e mortalidade. Resultados Foram incluídos 96 pacientes, com média de 27 anos. O Revised Trauma Score (RTS) foi, em média, 7,152; já o Injury Severity Score (ISS) foi, em média, 15. Onze pacientes (11,5%) tiveram amputação, e 14 pacientes (14,6%) morreram. Observou-se que pacientes com o tempo de isquemia maior que 6 horas apresentaram aproximadamente 10 vezes mais chance de amputação do que aqueles com tempo igual ou menor que 6 horas (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,2 a 79,9). O tempo de isquemia maior que 6 horas aumentou em aproximadamente 6 vezes a chance de mortalidade (IC95%: 1,26 a 24,77). A instabilidade hemodinâmica aumentou em 9 vezes a chance de mortalidade (IC95%: 2,36 a 36,67). Conclusões O tempo de isquemia continua sendo o fator mais importante independentemente associado a amputação e óbito em pacientes submetidos à revascularização arterial femoropoplítea após traumas. O estado fisiológico e os escores de trauma são importantes.

Damage control of peripheral vascular trauma - Don't be afraid of axillary or popliteal fosses / Control de daños del trauma vascular periférico - No le tema a la fosa axilar o poplítea

Abstract Peripheral vascular injuries are uncommon in civilian trauma but can threaten the patient's life or the viability of the limb. The definitive control of the vascular injury represents a surgical challenge, especially if the patient is hemodynamically unstable. This article proposes the management of peripheral vascular trauma following damage control surgery principles. It is essential to rapidly identify vascular injury signs and perform temporary bleeding control maneuvers. The surgical approaches according to the anatomical injured region should be selected. We propose two novel approaches to access the axillary and popliteal zones. The priority should be to reestablish limb perfusion via primary repair or damage control techniques (vascular shunt or endovascular approach). Major vascular surgeries should be managed post-operatively in the intensive care unit, which will allow correction of physiological derangement and identification of those developing compartmental syndrome. All permanent or temporary vascular procedures should be followed by a definitive repair within the first 8 hours. An early diagnosis and opportune intervention are fundamental to preserve the function and perfusion of the extremity.

Resumen El trauma vascular periférico no es común en el contexto civil, pero representa una amenaza para la vida del paciente o de la extremidad. El control definitivo de la lesión vascular representa un desafío quirúrgico, especialmente en pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica. Este artículo describe la propuesta de manejo del trauma vascular periférico de acuerdo con los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Se debe identificar los signos sugestivos de lesión vascular y realizar oportunamente maniobras temporales para el control del sangrado. Se debe elegir el abordaje quirúrgico dependiendo del área anatómica lesionada. Se proponen dos nuevas incisiones para acceder a la región axilar y poplítea. La prioridad es restablecer la perfusión de la extremidad mediante el reparo primario o técnicas de control de daños (shunt vascular o abordaje endovascular). Los pacientes sometidos a cirugías vasculares mayores deben ser manejados postoperatoriamente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para corregir las alteraciones fisiológicas e identificar aquellos que desarrollen un síndrome compartimental. Todos los procedimientos vasculares permanentes o temporales deben contar con un reparo definitivo en las primeras 8 horas. El diagnóstico temprano e intervención oportuna son fundamentales para salvaguardar la perfusión y funcionalidad de la extremidad.

Damage control of peripheral vascular trauma - Don't be afraid of axillary or popliteal fosses / Control de daños del trauma vascular periférico - No le tema a la fosa axilar o poplítea

Abstract Peripheral vascular injuries are uncommon in civilian trauma but can threaten the patient's life or the viability of the limb. The definitive control of the vascular injury represents a surgical challenge, especially if the patient is hemodynamically unstable. This article proposes the management of peripheral vascular trauma following damage control surgery principles. It is essential to rapidly identify vascular injury signs and perform temporary bleeding control maneuvers. The surgical approaches according to the anatomical injured region should be selected. We propose two novel approaches to access the axillary and popliteal zones. The priority should be to reestablish limb perfusion via primary repair or damage control techniques (vascular shunt or endovascular approach). Major vascular surgeries should be managed post-operatively in the intensive care unit, which will allow correction of physiological derangement and identification of those developing compartmental syndrome. All permanent or temporary vascular procedures should be followed by a definitive repair within the first 8 hours. An early diagnosis and opportune intervention are fundamental to preserve the function and perfusion of the extremity.

Resumen El trauma vascular periférico no es común en el contexto civil, pero representa una amenaza para la vida del paciente o de la extremidad. El control definitivo de la lesión vascular representa un desafío quirúrgico, especialmente en pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica. Este artículo describe la propuesta de manejo del trauma vascular periférico de acuerdo con los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Se debe identificar los signos sugestivos de lesión vascular y realizar oportunamente maniobras temporales para el control del sangrado. Se debe elegir el abordaje quirúrgico dependiendo del área anatómica lesionada. Se proponen dos nuevas incisiones para acceder a la región axilar y poplítea. La prioridad es restablecer la perfusión de la extremidad mediante el reparo primario o técnicas de control de daños (shunt vascular o abordaje endovascular). Los pacientes sometidos a cirugías vasculares mayores deben ser manejados postoperatoriamente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para corregir las alteraciones fisiológicas e identificar aquellos que desarrollen un síndrome compartimental. Todos los procedimientos vasculares permanentes o temporales deben contar con un reparo definitivo en las primeras 8 horas. El diagnóstico temprano e intervención oportuna son fundamentales para salvaguardar la perfusión y funcionalidad de la extremidad.

Isquemia crítica de miembros inferiores en paciente joven: presentación atípica del síndrome de atrapamiento poplíteo / Critical lower extremity ischemia in a young patient: atypical presentation of the popliteal artery entrapment syndrome

Introducción. El síndrome de atrapamiento poplíteo es una entidad infrecuente, cuya incidencia oscila entre 0,17 y 3,5 %, representando una de las principales causas de isquemia en miembros inferiores en adultos jóvenes. Suele manifestarse con claudicación intermitente (69 %) o isquemia aguda (26 %), siendo muy rara su presentación con isquemia crítica de miembros inferiores. Caso clínico. Paciente de 30 años quien presentó úlcera subungueal en primer dedo de pie derecho con dolor intenso. En la exploración física no se palpaban pulsos distales y se observó palidez cutánea intensa y frialdad. Se realizó arteriografía donde se observó defecto de repleción de bordes regulares y desplazamiento medial de la arteria poplítea. La resonancia magnética mostró una inserción anómala del gastrocnemio medial, con lo que se hizo diagnóstico de síndrome de atrapamiento poplíteo tipo I. Mediante abordaje posterior se realizó reconstrucción vascular con injerto venoso y sección tendinosa del gastrocnemio medial. En el postoperatorio inmediato el paciente recupera pulso pedio y en el seguimiento a un año el paciente no presenta clínica de isquemia de miembros inferiores, encontrándose el baipás permeable. Discusión. A pesar de su baja incidencia, es importante incluir el síndrome de atrapamiento poplíteo en el diagnóstico diferencial de isquemia en miembros inferiores en adultos jóvenes. Su presentación con isquemia crítica es excepcional, encontrando muy pocos casos publicados en la literatura. La reconstrucción arterial precoz mediante injerto o plastia con material autólogo constituye el tratamiento de elección

Introduction. The popliteal entrapment syndrome is an infrequent entity, whose incidence ranges between 0.17 and 3.5%, representing one of the main causes of lower limb ischemia in young adults. It usually manifests with intermittent claudication (69%) or acute ischemia (26%), being very rare its presentation with critical ischemia of the lower limbs.Clinical case. A 30-year-old patient with a history of smoking, with no other risk factors, who presented with a subungual ulcer on the first right toe. On physical examination, distal pulses are not palpated, intense skin paleness and coldness are observed. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an anomalous insertion of the medial gastrocnemius with extrinsic compression of the popliteal artery, confirming a diagnosis of popliteal entrapment syndrome type I. Vascular reconstruction with venous graft and tendon section of the medial gastrocnemius was performed through a posterior approach. In the immediate postoperative period, the patient recovers a pediatric pulse and in the one-year follow-up the patient does not present symptoms of lower limb ischemia, finding the bypass patent. Discussion. Despite its low incidence, it is important to include popliteal impingement syndrome in the differential diagnosis of lower limb ischemia in young adults. Its presentation with critical ischemia is exceptional, finding very few cases published in the literature. Early arterial reconstruction by graft or plasty with autologous material is the treatment of choice

Tratamiento endovascular de trombosis de arteria poplítea mediante stent supera / Endovascular treatment of popliteal artery thrombosis with supera stent

La enfermedad arterial periférica es una patología muy prevalente en la sociedad, y se está desarrollando nuevas técnicas para tratarla mediante cirugía endovascular, mucho menos agresiva que las utilizadas hasta el momento. El sector Poplíteo por las fuerzas de elongación y torsión a las que está sometido, era hasta la aparición del stent Supera®, territorio de la cirugía abierta, pero gracias a las características de estos stents, nos permite realizar una cirugía menos invasiva en ese territorio. (AU)

The peripheral arterial disease is a very common pathology, and there are developments in new techniques to treat it by endovascular surgery, less aggressive than those used so far. The popliteal sector due to the elongation and torsion forces which is subjected, until the appear of Supera® stent, was only treated by open surgery, but thanks to this type of stent, allow us to treat that territory with less invasive surgeries

Artéria tibial aberrante: revisão da literatura / Aberrant tibial artery: a literature review

A artéria tibial anterior, originária da artéria poplítea, normalmente se ramifica abaixo da articulação do joelho, passando posteriormente ao músculo poplíteo. Desta forma, a existência da artéria tibial aberrante ocorre quando sua ramificação está alterada, podendo se formar em diferentes alturas da artéria poplítea e realizar cursos alterados em relação aos músculos e articulações. Essas variações podem aumentar o risco de lesões intra-operatórias. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar revisão de literatura sobre o tema pouco abordado, visando promover maior conhecimento e prevenção de iatrogenia nos atos operatórios. Foi realizada busca em bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed, Scielo e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) utilizando os seguintes descritores: artérias da tíbia, artéria poplítea, e variação anatômica. Para a seleção dos artigos, foram utilizados os seguintes critérios de inclusão: resultados de pesquisa com relevância ao tema proposto, por meio de leitura crítica de cada artigo selecionado e em seguida, foram realizadas comparações das informações de cada um deles. Foram selecionados 10 artigos. Em conclusão, a presença de artéria tibial anterior aberrante é alteração anatômica de baixa incidência, mas é responsável por intercorrências durante procedimentos cirúrgicos, devido à sua localização próxima à tíbia. Sugere-se realização de exames de imagens para diagnóstico pré-operatório dessa anormalidade anatômica.

The anterior tibial artery, originating from the popliteal artery, normally branches below the knee joint, passing posteriorly to the popliteal muscle. In this way, the existence of the aberrant tibial artery occurs when its branch is altered, being able to form at different heights of the popliteal artery and carry out altered courses in relation to the muscles and joints. These variations can increase the risk of intraoperative injuries. So, the proposal to this review was to promote greater knowledge and prevention of iatrogenesis in surgical procedures. A search was performed in electronic databases (PubMed, Scielo and Virtual Health Library) using the following descriptors: tibial arteries, popliteal artery, and anatomical variation. For the selection of articles, the following inclusion criteria were used: research results with relevance to the proposed topic, through a critical reading of each selected article and then comparisons of the information on each of them were carried out. 10 articles were selected. In conclusion, the presence of an aberrant anterior tibial artery is an anatomical alteration of low incidence, but it is responsible for complications during surgical procedures, due to its location close to the tibia. It is suggested to perform imaging tests for preoperative diagnosis of this anatomical abnormality.

Endovascular revascularization of chronic total arterial occlusion of the lower limb using the SAFARI technique / Revascularização endovascular utilizando a técnica SAFARI em casos de oclusão arterial total do membro inferior

Abstract The SAFARI technique or Subintimal Arterial Flossing with Antegrade-Retrograde Intervention is an endovascular procedure that allows recanalization of Chronic Total Occlusive (CTO) lesions when conventional subintimal angioplasty is unsuccessful. Retrograde access is usually obtained through the popliteal, anterior tibial, dorsalis pedis artery, or posterior tibial arteries and may potentially provide more options for endovascular interventions in limb salvage. The case of an 81-year-old man with a history of uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia is presented. He presented with a cutaneous ulcer on the right lower limb with torpid evolution and poor healing. The Doppler ultrasound and arteriographic study revealed a CTO lesion of the popliteal artery that was not a candidate for antegrade endovascular revascularization, but was successfully treated using the SAFARI technique. The patient had no perioperative complications, the wound showed better healing, and he was discharged with an indication of daily dressings and control by an external outpatient clinic.

Resumo A técnica SAFARI, ou Subintimal Arterial Flossing with Antegrade-Retrograde Intervention, é um procedimento endovascular que permite a recanalização de lesões por oclusão total crônica (OTC) em caso de fracasso da angioplastia subintimal convencional. O acesso retrógrado é geralmente obtido através da artéria poplítea, tibial anterior, pediosa ou tibial posterior e pode fornecer mais alternativas de intervenções endovasculares para o salvamento do membro. É apresentado o caso de um homem de 81 anos com histórico de hipertenção não controlada, diabetes melito e dislipidemia. Ele apresentava uma lesão ulcerativa cutânea no membro inferior direito com evolução tórpida e má cicatrização. O ultrassom Doppler e o estudo arteriográfico revelaram uma lesão por OTC na artéria poplítea. O paciente não era candidato a revascularização endovascular anterógrada; sendo assim, esta foi realizada com successo utilizando a técnica SAFARI. O paciente não apresentou complicações perioperatórias e recebeu alta com indicação de cuidados diários com a ferida e controle em um ambulatório externo. Além disso, a ferida apresentou melhor cicatrização.

Unusual presentation of moyamoya disease with popliteal involvement: case report and review of the literature / Apresentação incomum de doença de moyamoya com envolvimento poplíteo: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Abstract Moyamoya disease is a rare disorder that involves the cerebrovascular system. Usually, it leads to occlusion of the arteries of the cerebral system and causes cerebral circulatory complaints. A 48-year-old female patient was admitted to our clinic with intermittent claudication in both legs. Biphasic and monophasic waveform patterns were detected bilaterally in distal (trifurcation arteries) lower extremities with Doppler sonography. The patient therefore underwent systemic vascular examination. Computed tomography angiography revealed bilateral carotid occlusion at the level of supraclinoid segments, and opacifications were detected at the distal segments of the bilateral anterior cerebellar and middle cerebellar arteries. The patient was diagnosed with moyamoya disease, and anticoagulant treatment was started. In conclusion, most previous reports have presented the cerebrovascular involvement of moyamoya disease. However, this disease can involve different peripheral vascular systems and careful and systemic vascular examination is necessary for an exact diagnosis.

Resumo A doença de moyamoya é um distúrbio raro que envolve o sistema cerebrovascular. Normalmente, leva à oclusão das artérias do sistema cerebral e causa problemas circulatórios no cérebro. Uma mulher de 48 anos foi admitida em nossa clínica com claudicação intermitente em ambas as pernas. Na ultrassonografia com Doppler, foram detectados padrões de formato de onda bifásico e monofásico nas extremidades inferiores distais (artérias da trifurcação) de forma bilateral. Portanto, realizou-se o exame vascular sistêmico na paciente. A angiografia por tomografia computadorizada revelou oclusão carotídea bilateral no nível dos segmentos supraclinoides, e opacificações foram detectadas nos segmentos distais das artérias cerebelares anteriores e médias de forma bilateral. A paciente foi diagnosticada com doença de moyamoya, e o tratamento anticoagulante foi iniciado. Em conclusão, a maioria dos relatos anteriores apresentou o envolvimento cerebrovascular da doença de moyamoya. No entanto, essa doença pode envolver diferentes sistemas vasculares periféricos, e um exame vascular sistêmico minucioso é necessário para um diagnóstico exato.

Rotura de aneurisma de artéria poplítea em paciente clinicamente diagnosticado com síndrome de Marfan / Ruptured popliteal artery aneurysm in a patient with a clinical diagnosis of Marfan syndrome

Resumo A artéria poplítea é o principal local para a ocorrência de aneurismas periféricos. Suas formas de apresentação agudas são potencialmente ameaçadoras à viabilidade do membro e à vida, dentre as quais destacamos a sua rotura. Apesar de ser um evento raro, sua rotura demanda rápida proposta de intervenção para satisfatório desfecho terapêutico. O tratamento padrão-ouro é o cirúrgico convencional e se dá pela interposição de veia safena magna. Trabalhos feitos nas últimas décadas vêm encontrando associações entre a síndrome de Marfan e aneurismas periféricos. Este relato apresenta um caso de um aneurisma de artéria poplítea esquerda roto tratado com sucesso em um paciente de 82 anos diagnosticado clinicamente como portador de síndrome de Marfan previamente desconhecida.

Abstract The popliteal artery is the main site of occurrence of peripheral aneurysms. Acute presentations constitute a potential threat to limb viability and to life, especially in the event of rupture. Rupture is a rare event, but one that demands an immediate intervention decision to achieve a satisfactory treatment outcome. The gold standard treatment is conventional surgery, effecting repair by interposition of a great saphenous vein graft. Studies conducted in recent decades have found associations between Marfan Syndrome and peripheral aneurysms. This report presents a case of a ruptured left popliteal artery aneurysm successfully treated in an 82-year-old patient clinically diagnosed with previously unknown Marfan syndrome.

Aneurisma de arteria poplítea en ambos miembros inferiores / Aneurysm of popliteal artery in both inferior limbs

Los aneurismas de la arteria poplítea son los más frecuentes de todos los que afectan a las arterias periféricas y corresponde a un aumento del diámetro de esta arteria mayor de 1,5 cm. El diagnóstico fue de aneurisma de la arteria poplítea de ambos miembros inferiores, con mayor diámetro en la izquierda. Lo poco frecuente en este caso son las dimensiones que alcanzó la arteria poplítea izquierda. El paciente presentaba dolor en la fosa poplítea izquierda e imposibilidad de extensión de la pierna. Se detectó disminución importante de los índices de presiones dístales de ambos miembros inferiores y en la angiotomografía realizada al paciente se apreciaron dilataciones aneurismáticas trombosadas en ambas regiones poplíteas. Se realizó la aneurismectomía con sustitución protésica desde la arteria femoral superficial al tronco tibio-peroneo en el miembro inferior izquierdo. El paciente egresó con evolución satisfactoria(AU)

The popliteal artery´s aneurysms are the most frequent of all those that affect outlying arteries and it corresponds to an increase bigger than 1,5 cms of the diameter of this artery. A not very frequent case is presented due to the dimensions that the popliteal left artery reached. The case presented a diagnosis of aneurysm of the popliteal artery in both inferior limbs, with bigger diameter in the left which is infrequent. The patient presented pain in the left popliteal area and impossibility of extending the leg. Important decrease of the distal pressures indexes of both inferior limbs was detected, and in the performed angiotomography there was evidence of thrombosed aneurisms in both popliteal regions. The patient was attended in the operating room and an aneurismectomy with prosthesis substitution of femoral superficial artery to tibial- peroneal arterial trunk in left lower limb was carried out. The patient was discharged with satisfactory evolution(AU)

Angioplastia de salvamento de extremidad con isquemia crítica infrapoplítea / Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty of Critical Limb Ischemia

Objetivo: Evaluar y describir los resultados clínicos de la técnica Angioplastia de rescate en pacientes con isquemia crítica de miembros inferiores con enfermedad arterial infrapoplítea en un centro de atención nivel IV. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte ambispectivo analítico observacional. Resultados: Se realizaron angioplastias infrapoplíteas en el Servicio de Radiología de FOSCAL y FOSCAL Internacional entre septiembre de 2013 y abril de 2016, a 65 pacientes. Previo al procedimiento, en el 89 % de los pacientes se observó claudicación y dolor; en el 88 %, frialdad de la extremidad; en el 81 %, úlcera y en el 64 %, infección. En el 63 % de la población se encontraron tres síntomas asociados. Se dividieron los pacientes en dos grupos: el primero, aquellos a quienes se les había realizado angioplastia en un solo vaso y el segundo, a quienes se les había realizado angioplastia en dos o más vasos. Se encontró que el tiempo libre de amputación fue mayor en el grupo uno, comparado con el dos, con valor de P estadísticamente significativo. Conclusión: La angioplastia de vasos infrapoplíteos en pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) e isquemia crítica de miembros inferiores disminuye el dolor, la claudicación y la infección en los pacientes. Favorece una tasa baja de amputaciones mayores posteriores a la terapia como medida de salvamento de la extremidad. La probabilidad de supervivencia de la extremidad a los 573 días es del 50 %.

Objective: To evaluate and describe the clinical results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of critical limb ischemia in a level IV care center. Materials and methods: Observational analytical ambispective cohort study. Results: An infra-popliteal angioplasty was performed in the Radiology service of FOSCAL and FOSCAL International between the months of September 2013 and April 2016 to 65 patients. Prior to the procedure, 89% of the patients presented claudication and pain, 88% coldness of the limb, 81% of the patients presented ulceration and 64% infection, noting that 63% of the population had 3 associated symptoms. The patients were divided into two groups; the first, those who had undergone angioplasty in a single vessel and the second group who had undergone angioplasty in two or more vessels. We found that the amputation-free time was greater in the group one compared to group two, with a statistically significant P value. Conclusion: Angioplasty of infrapopliteal vessels in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and critical lower limb ischemia reduces pain, claudication and infection in patients. There is a low rate of major amputations after therapy as a measure of salvage of the limb. The probability of survival of the limb at 573 days is 50%.

The use of tourniquet during total knee replacement in patients with and without popliteal artery calcification / O uso do manguito pneumático em pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho com ou sem calcificação da artéria poplítea

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the clinical and surgical complications associated with the use of a tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty in patients with or without calcification of the popliteal artery. Methods: The study was performed retrospectively, analyzing 58 patients with calcification of the popliteal artery and 57 patients as a control group. Results: The case group patients were significantly older than patients in the control group; however, this had no impact on the clinical outcome in the analyzed period.There were no complications during surgery in the groups studied, as there were no statistically significant differences between the incidence of local or systemic intercurrences in the analyzed period. Conclusion: This study found low rates of complications in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasties with use of a tourniquet, with or without calcification of the popliteal artery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar as complicações clínicas e cirúrgicas associadas ao uso de torniquete na artroplastia total de joelho em pacientes com ou sem calcificação da artéria poplítea. Métodos: O estudo foi feito de modo retrospectivo, analisou 64 pacientes com calcificação da artéria poplítea e 57 pacientes como grupo controle. Resultados: Os pacientes do grupo de casos eram significativamente mais velhos do que os pacientes do grupo controle. Entretanto, tal fato não teve repercussão quanto ao desfecho clínico no período analisado. Não houve complicações durante o ato cirúrgico nos grupos estudados, bem como não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre a incidência de intercorrências locais ou sistêmicas no período analisado. Conclusão: O presente estudo observou baixos índices de complicações em pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho com uso de torniquete com ou sem calcificação da artéria poplítea.